References¶
Primary References¶
These are the key publications used in the development and validation of this unit operation.
1. Kays & London — Compact Heat Exchangers¶
Kays, W.M. and London, A.L. Compact Heat Exchangers, 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. ISBN: 978-0070334182.
The foundational reference for the effectiveness-NTU method. Provides analytical e-NTU formulas for all standard flow configurations (counterflow, parallel flow, crossflow, shell-and-tube). The counterflow and co-current formulas from this text are used as the primary validation reference.
Used for: e-NTU analytical reference for 2-stream validation.
2. Incropera et al. — Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer¶
Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L. and Lavine, A.S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. ISBN: 978-0470501979.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375517
Comprehensive textbook covering heat exchanger analysis methods including LMTD, e-NTU, and the relationship between them. Chapter 11 provides the theoretical framework for heat exchanger design.
Used for: LMTD derivation, e-NTU theory, overall heat transfer coefficient definitions.
3. Shah & Sekulic — Heat Exchanger Design¶
Shah, R.K. and Sekulic, D.P. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN: 978-0471321712.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172605
Comprehensive treatment of heat exchanger classification, thermal design methods, and multi-stream configurations. Covers the segmented approach for handling variable properties.
Used for: Heat exchanger classification, multi-stream theory, flow arrangement analysis.
4. Linnhoff & Hindmarsh — Pinch Technology¶
Linnhoff, B. and Hindmarsh, E. "The pinch design method for heat exchanger networks." Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 38(5), pp. 745-763, 1983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(83)80185-7
The seminal paper on pinch analysis and composite curves for heat exchanger network design. Introduced the concept of minimum temperature approach (MITA/ΔT_min) and the method of composite curves that is central to the MSHX implementation.
Used for: Composite curve theory, MITA concept, pinch point analysis.
5. Hesselgreaves et al. — Compact Heat Exchangers (Multi-Stream)¶
Hesselgreaves, J.E., Law, R. and Reay, D. Compact Heat Exchangers: Selection, Design and Operation, 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017. ISBN: 978-0081003053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-03452-3
Modern treatment of compact and multi-stream heat exchangers including plate-fin types used in cryogenic and LNG applications. Covers the practical aspects of multi-stream thermal design.
Used for: Multi-stream heat exchanger applications and design principles.
6. Kamath et al. — Segmented Method for Multi-Stream¶
Kamath, R.S., Biegler, L.T. and Grossmann, I.E. "Modeling multistream heat exchangers with and without phase changes for simultaneous optimization and heat integration." AIChE Journal, Vol. 58(1), pp. 190-204, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.12565
Presents the segmented interval method for rigorous modeling of multi-stream heat exchangers with phase change. The enthalpy-based segmentation approach used in this MSHX implementation is derived from the methodology presented in this paper.
Used for: Segmented interval method algorithm, multi-stream with phase change handling.
Supporting References¶
7. Green & Southard — Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook¶
Green, D.W. and Southard, M.Z. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019. ISBN: 978-0071834087.
Standard engineering reference with comprehensive tables of overall heat transfer coefficients (Table 11-5), fouling factors, and heat exchanger selection guidelines.
Used for: Typical U-values, engineering data, and practical design guidelines.
8. Turton et al. — Process Equipment Design¶
Turton, R., Shaeiwitz, J.A., Bhattacharyya, D. and Whiting, W.B. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2018. ISBN: 978-0134177403.
Textbook covering process design including heat exchanger sizing and cost estimation. Provides context for UA specification in design calculations.
Used for: Process design context, heat exchanger sizing methodology.
9. Numerical Methods¶
Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T. and Flannery, B.P. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN: 978-0521880688.
Used for: Bisection method implementation and convergence analysis.
10. Ravagnani & Caballero — Optimal Heat Exchanger Networks¶
Ravagnani, M.A.S.S. and Caballero, J.A. "Optimal heat exchanger network synthesis with the detailed heat transfer equipment design model." Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol. 31(11), pp. 1432-1448, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.12.005
Discusses the integration of detailed heat exchanger models within heat exchanger network synthesis, relevant to the multi-stream approach.
Used for: Multi-stream heat exchanger network context.
11. Yee & Grossmann — Simultaneous Optimization¶
Yee, T.F. and Grossmann, I.E. "Simultaneous optimization models for heat integration—II. Heat exchanger network synthesis." Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol. 14(10), pp. 1165-1184, 1990.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(90)85010-8
Classical paper on simultaneous optimization of heat exchanger networks using the superstructure approach. Provides theoretical foundation for multi-stream heat integration.
Used for: Heat integration theory and composite curve mathematics.
12. DWSIM Process Simulator¶
DWSIM Team. DWSIM — Open Source Process Simulator. Version 8.x, 2024.
https://dwsim.org/ https://github.com/DanWBR/dwsim
Open-source chemical process simulator providing the thermodynamic engine (property packages, flash calculations) and the external unit operation framework used by this MSHX implementation.
Used for: Thermodynamic calculations, flash algorithms, unit operation framework.